„the Yellow Wallpaper“: Autobiography or Fiction

Assignment: „The Yellow Wallpaperâ€Å": Autobiography or fiction? Regarding the first supporting evidence where this short story is regarded as an important work of feminist literature that illustrates the attitudes of the 19th century towards women, more specifically their mental and physical health which the author tried to show according to her personal experience.The short story is actually a first personal journal entry that was written by a woman whose husband was a physician that had confined her to a bedroom that he had rented for the summer. The women is forbidden to work and therefore she has to hide when she is writing in her journal because the husband believes that in this way she could recover from what he calls a â€Å"temporary nervous depression—a slight hysterical tendency;† which was also a common diagnosis to women in the 19th century.Furthermore, this story depicts the effect of confinement on the storyteller’s mental health, which is the woman and her fall into obsession because she has nothing to stimulate her so she becomes obsessed by the pattern and the color of the wallpaper. In the end, the woman imagines that there are other women creeping around behind the patters of the wallpaper, and comes to believe that she is one of them. The woman locks herself in the room with the torn yellow wallpaper and feels that now that it is the only place where she feels safe and refuses to leave.There are supporting elements within the story that makes the story an autobiography and not a fictional story. In my opinion, the way that the author writes in such detail and in such craze about the wallpaper only gives me proof that the author herself experienced this craze of obsession over petty things for the simple reason of being confined and not having anything better to do since she was on â€Å"rest cure† and was not allowed to be with her child, work or even write.Basically, the details that the author writes a bout how something simple, like wallpaper can cause an obsession can only be written by a person that actually experienced such a feeling in such a situation as written in the story. Considering the second supporting evidence that Gilman herself gives a statement on why she wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. The author explained that the idea for the story originated from her own personal experience as a patient and also stating that â€Å"the real purpose of the story was to reachDr. S. Weir Mitchell (who was mentioned in the story itself) in order to convince him of the error in of his ways. † Gilman had suffered from years of being depressed, and talked to a physician specializing in the â€Å"rest cure. † He put her on a  rest cure, advising her to live as domestic as possible and was forbidden to touch and doing anything that would stimulate her brain. After three months and almost completely giving up, Gilman decided to go against her diagnosis and conti nue to work and stimulate her mind again.And after she had realized how close she had come to the worst mental illness, she wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† with additions and exaggerations to illustrate her point of misdiagnosis. In conclusion, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is an exaggerated account of  Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s personal experiences where after being diagnosed and put on the â€Å"rest cure† she eventually felt herself beginning to go slowly insane from the inactivity.However, unlike the protagonist in her story, Gilman did not reach the point of total madness, but she knew that her deteriorating mental condition was due to the oppressive medical regime that was meant to â€Å"cure† her. In addition, Dr. Mitchell and his treatment play a key role in the story in the third section of the text where the protagonist’s husband even threatens to send her to Weir Mitchell in the fall if she does not recover soon.According to th e above arguments and the supporting facts, it can only be stated that it can be nothing more than an autobiography consisting of exaggerated accounts of what the author was going through personally and thus giving the short story fictional elements. However, the short story is an autobiography for the simple reason of it being based on actual events and perceptions of the author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, even if it consists of exaggerated and thus fictional elements.

Of their version of Romeo and Juliet Essay

The opening scene in the version including Zeffereli is set in an old market place, which shows that Romeo and Juliet story took place a long time ago. When the two households salves meet in the market one of the monauge salves bites his thumb at the Capulet slaves. In this part the director is showing that biting your thumb at someone was as bad verbally swearing at some one to insult him or her. The director uses old colourful clothing on the slaves. The monauges have the same outfit and so do the Capulet’s this is the way that they show they are from the two different households. The two households have a fight because of the thumb biting. The fight is use of swords and some using fists. When the police arrive they are threatened that if this happens again your lives will pay the price. The Capulet households have a ball and invite the monauges. At the ball the director uses very old and classical music that gives the feeling that it was set a long time ago. In the ball Romeo meets Juliet for the first time and instantly fall in love. The director uses this to show that people can fall in love at first sight, but Romeo and Juliet cannot stay together for the whole ball as Juliet’s mother has planed for her to marry some other man. Just before the monauges leave Romeo finds out that Juliet is a Capulet and Juliet finds out that Romeo is a monauge. The director shows that the two households hate each other so much that two lovers have second thoughts about each other. The opening scene with Leonardo de caprio is set in a petrol station and is a bit more modern. The two households meet and a Capulet bites his thumb at the monauges. The director shows that biting your thumb at someone was a very insulting insult. When the two households start to shoot at each other the director is further explaining that the feud was serious. When the police arrive both households are threatened with their lives if it happens again. Now the director is telling us that the feud has been going on for a long time. The Capulet household holds a ball and invites the Montagues.

Kindergarten thru third grade non retention act

Allow me the privilege and the honour of convincing you today in understanding in something I hold very dear to my heart and which I believe so monumental that it must be heard and realized by our entire nation. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 has been one of the most valuable pieces of legislation created for the education of our children despite the criticisms it receives (Haney, 2007).Though I believe that most of its contents mean well, I also humbly beg to differ and allow me to state that the children from kindergarten to the 3rd grade will be experiencing more harm than good by this act. Thus, let me declare that the students from kindergarten to the 3rd grade must not be promoted if they did not meet the requirements.I deeply understand the sentiments of a lot of people who believe that children at this level must be given the chance and opportunity to grow regardless of how they performed. In other words, it does not matter what scores they get. What is important is tha t, they be allowed to continue without the thought of the failure. However, the real question is, are we truly helping these children by ignoring that they need help? Will doing this really solve our problems in setting higher standards in education?I firmly believe that we are not helping the children who failed to reach the requirements by promoting them. I believe that we are not giving a solution but only aggravating the problem itself. We cannot act blind pretending that in the long run, everything will be just fine. The moment we let these children be, we are clearly not addressing their potential for growth and development.If a child does not meet such a requirement, then more attention must given to that child. The child must be nourished and given attention to better improve and to truly give the child chance at learning and gaining as much as he or she can.With this I can assure all of you that we will not only heed the call that beckons for better education but more impor tantly, we can bring out the best in every child.REFERENCESHaney, W. (nd) Evidence on Education under NCLB (and How Florida Boosted NAEP Scores and Reduced the Race Gap). Center for the Study of Testing, Evaluation and Education Policy. Lynch School of Education. Boston College. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

Association between Infant Breastfeeding and Overweight in Young Essay

Association between Infant Breastfeeding and Overweight in Young Children - Essay Example The objective of the study was then "to determine whether breastfeeding and its duration are associated with a reduced risk of being overweight among young children in the United States." (American Medical Association, 2001) According to the research, the data gathering proceeded by utilizing information on infant feeding and child overweight status from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). This is a cross-sectional health examination survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NCHS/CDC) from 1988-1994. Through a stratified, multi-stage probability design, a sample of 2685 US-born children between the ages of 3 to 5 years (36-71 months) was taken. From this sample, birth certificates, details regarding height and weight measures, and information on infant feeding were obtained. The statistical results showed that there was a weak association between duration of full breastfeeding and child body mass index (BMI). However, there were factors that were significantly associated with child overweight in the multiple logistic regression models. By far the strongest predictor of child BMI status was the mother's concurrent BMI. Children were at moderately increased risk for being at risk of overweight with an overweight mother but nearly 3 times more likely to be at risk of overweight with maternal obesity. Furthermore, overweight in early childhood was nearly 3-fold greater with maternal overweight and more than four-fold greater with maternal obesity. The study concludes with "there are inconsistent associations among breastfeeding, its duration, and the risk of being overweight in young children. Breastfeeding continues to be strongly recommended, but may not be as effective as moderating familial factors, such as dietary habits and physical activity, in preve nting children from becoming overweight." (American Medical Association, 2001) The manner by which this research is conducted is very much ethical in the sense that there was no need to actually study and 'experiment' on the children. This would have had negative effects on the young children since their weights and eventual self-images are in question. The use of existing records and information as well as corresponding statistical analyses have been sufficient in arriving at the conclusion. The research design which used an ethnically-diverse sample also leads to a more consistent generalization of the results. From the findings of this research, a call for the more active role of the nursing clinical practice can be very beneficial in helping a population who is increasingly having problems with early childhood overweight. Because the association between duration of breastfeeding and being at the risk of overweight is inconclusive, then the emphasis should go back to the different socio-demographic and intervening familial factors among children. Since breastfeeding alone is not sufficient to prevent the development of weight problems at the onset of childhood, then the research leads us to the extent by which familial tendencies to obesity are genetic or associated with shared dietary and activity habits. The challenge for the

Film An Inconvenient Truth Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film An Inconvenient Truth - Movie Review Example In the film, Gore also jokes that he "used to be the next president of the United States of America." (An Inconvenient Truth) This writer believes that the film has the intention to raise awareness on global warming, and the inclusion of a politician in controversial circumstances (due to the 2000 presidential election) provides the platform to draw in audiences. The artistic flow of the film is intentionally written to document Al Gore's personal encounters as well as the evidence behind the scientific findings. The film also attempts to explain climate change using a number of major claims. For the purpose of this paper the writer will look into two of these claims: (1) the doubling in numbers of category four and five hurricanes in the last thirty years; (2) as temperatures rise, heat waves will be more frequent and intense. While science can be refuted, as can the claims made in the film, this writer believes that the way the claims are presented is able to convince anyone without any scientific background that the idea of global warming does indeed exist.

Advertisement Campaign for an Expensive Chocolate Essay

Advertisement Campaign for an Expensive Chocolate - Essay Example But, over the years, because of growing competition and increased number of identical products in the market, it has become a necessity rather than a luxury. Today, no product enter the market before a formal and well planned product launching and advertisement campaign. Regardless of the media or method selected, the main aim of advertisement is to convince the target audience that they have a need for the product. Through advertisement, the suppliers are trying to create an image about the product with the help of linguistic and artistic elements. The present research paper looks on how an advertisement campaign for an expensive chocolate be planned and implemented effectively through television channels to reach its target audience. The paper takes a narrative approach for explaining the various aspects of advertisement campaign and its effectiveness to the business.Planning gives a detailed blue print of what and how it is done at various stages of campaign. The present campaign is planned to be conducted during the period from November 08 and Easter period in Mar 09. This is based on the logic that the target audience is expected to spend more during this period for purchasing chocolates.The company is a chocolate manufacturing firm in the U.K. which has been in existence for some time in the market doing similar business. The new product is an addition to company's product lines, all of which have a sound customer support and brand equity. The new product which focuses on the customers, who are in the age group of 24 to 65, uses an innovative imported technology and it is going to capture the market in the next six months. The product and Brand name The product is chocolate, which has exceptional features than that available in the market. The company claims that the content of chocolate is highly recommended for the health of 24 to 65 age group. The brand name decided for the product is Igma. The brand name 'Igma' is registered and trade mark for the same has already been sanctioned by the authority concerned. The word 'Igma' is written using special letters, which the company developed in consultation with the advertisement agency. Objectives of Advertisement Campaign The objectives of advertisement campaign cannot be separated from the marketing strategy of the firm, which in turn is associated with the overall objectives of the firm. However, the present advertisement campaign has the following specific objectives: 1. To disseminate knowledge about the company, its values to the customers and to the general public. 2. To pass message about the brand, price, other promotions and distributions (Setting the advertising objective, p.2) 3. To create awareness about chocolates in general and Igma in particular 4. To create a distinct brand image apart from other similar brands 5. To stimulate the customers to purchase the product Target Audience The company has already fixed the target audience for Igma. They belong to the age group of 24 to 65 men and women. Normally, this group does not take chocolates as a habit. But, in certain occasions like birth day celebrations, at new year party, and festivals such as Christmas, they prefer chocolates to other traditional snacks for consumption as well as for offering gifts. Setting the Advertisement Budget The budget deals with finance part of campaign. It is more important in the sense that finance is

Developing IMC plan for Tween Mobile phone Essay

Developing IMC plan for Tween Mobile phone - Essay Example For the last two years, this young company, which has the credit of designing some of the most innovative applications in the mobile industry, was experiencing a dearth in the sales of its products. Further analysis revealed that the sales of the company depreciated as a direct response to the saturation of the adult mobile users while the market for new mobile applications is increasing exponentially due to the emergence of a new category of young consumers. This led to the company feeling the need to design a new marketing communication plan which will increasingly focus on the various communication objectives, selection of advertising strategy on a creative note, and finally a highly effective media plan. Background Information The world today has become a highly digitized and connected world. The reason for this extreme level of digitization as well as consecutiveness can be attributed to the increasing advancements of technology with regards to the communication needs of human b eing and human controlled processes of automatic and automated that has emerged all over the world. Keeping pace with the rapid advancements of communication technology, the mobile phones have emerged as the most primary form of human communication all over the world, more effectively in the emerging as well as the economically established countries and markets around the world. In Australia, the consumption of mobile phones has gone up tremendously. Various market researches on consumers have identified that the young group of child consumers, who increasingly fall in the age group of 6 to 13 years are one of the most active and avid customers, who display highly attractive and strongly influential consumer behavior. Researches further show that the young consumers hold significant power in terms of influencing the consumer behavior of their parents in a direct and indirect manner (Global Trade Marketing, 2005). Talking in terms of various categories of consumers, the consumers fal ling within the age group of 6 to 13 years, which comprises around a total of 11 percent of the Australian population, have acquired the needs of owning a cell phone (Telstra, 2007). Talking in terms of statistical data, it can be said that the around ? of the total consumers falling in this category from the Australia region already have individual possession of cell phones (Downie and Glazebrook, 2007). While the sole purpose of being provided with cell phones has been cited as the logic of being able to stay connected with their parents, yet this young group of consumers have increasingly developed a significantly different category of consumer behavior which is itself unique in nature (Roy Morgan Research’s Young Australians Survey, Summary). It has been increasingly decoded that the young group of consumers increasingly sees the mobile phones as a symbolic representation of their status and a high percentage of them state that the brand of the mobile phones that are bein g used by them is increasingly important to them.

Limited Liability in a Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Limited Liability in a Company - Essay Example The word limited indicates that the liability of members in respect of company’s debts and other liabilities is limited to amount contributed or undertaken by the member to contribute in respect of share capital of the company. Limited liability protects shareholders against any financial loss exceeding the investment4. It has been termed as the greatest single discovery of modern times, even more than steam and electricity.5 As per Ross Grantham and Charles Rickett6, there are certain economic justifications for such restriction of liabilities of a member of a limited body corporate. The limited liability reduces the shareholders’ responsibility to monitor corporate managers because the financial consequences of company failure on shareholders are limited. Corporate managers work efficiently for profit maximization because limited liability induces free share transferability that would force shareholders to withdraw funds from unprofitable ventures. Directors who run the company can take risky decisions as well as they aware that shareholders have nothing at stake.7 That is why Tony Orhnial8 states that limited liability ‘is not related to company structure but to the business’s economic risks, and is instrumental to the encouragement of entrepreneurial risk bearing and innovative attitude’. The principle of creating a limited liability company is that debts in case of failures cannot be carried back to founders9. Limited liability works as an extra non- taxable incentive for investments besides dividends and capital gains on transfers of shares that are taxable. Moreover, the attribute of ‘limited liability is quite significant when work locale, machinery, chemicals, or even artwork are potentially hazardous’10 Limited liability has helped to develop public share market.11 The primary objective of limited liability is to  encourage investment by the public in risk-taking enterprises by insulating the investing public from debts of the enterprise.

An introduction to internationalizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An introduction to internationalizing - Essay Example Having successfully established itself in the UAE, the firm must consider a target market whose needs and preferences match those of members of the UAE. In the event that the suitable market has a number of diverse groups with different preferences, the firm will need to customize its product to suit these tastes. Moreover, we need to diversify our business portfolio by engaging in business activities that go beyond the company’s current portfolio, for instance, manufacturing of less refined pottery to suit the low income earners in the target market. This will result in the development of higher market pools, therefore, enhancing the firm’s profit margins. The firm should seek areas with a high population of its target market. The global market consists of various environments such as urban and rural environments. These environments each have a distinct bureaucratic process and labor law; it is paramount to avoid markets that have excessive bureaucracy and inflexible and outdated labor laws. Dubai for instance, would be a good market option as it is strategically close to Abu Dhabi, our head office. This market is well served by modern infrastructure; hence transportation of both raw materials and finished products will be easy. Moreover, the market has high market opportunities internally and internationally as it is served by over 170 airlines and 86 shipping lines (Rehman, A.  2007, p.57). This will lead to the firm’s expansion into the international market through exportation opportunities. Moreover, this nation has suitable labor laws and bureaucratic process; it neither has corporate and income taxes nor foreign exchang e controls. In addition to this, Dubai is one of the most economically developed nations, and its population mostly consists of people leading a Cosmopolitan lifestyle, which is our most suitable target market; one that appreciates fine art. The nation is also known to hold top

Beauty Taste and the Sublime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Beauty Taste and the Sublime - Essay Example Beauty has evolved into a freedom for expression. Contemporary art, especially questions the paradigms (fixed standards and canonical/classical examples) for judging aesthetic values (art that has a "moral" and ethical message and that is pleasing to the senses), with artists like Chapman Brothers or Justin Novak producing artwork that are clearly meant to provoke reactions and challenge notions of beauty, that had it's roots in Kant's "Critique of Judgment" (1790). It contemplated on the "pure" aesthetic experience of art consisting of a "disinterested" observer, pleasing for its own sake and beyond any utility or morality. Now, the very word 'pleasing' may have different boundaries and contemporary art is trying to escalate their claims. If Marcel Duchamp made a fountain out of a urinal in 1917, that hurtled the Dadaist movement and that later amplified into a surrealist tendency (where artistic expressions concentrated on revealing the amoral (un) consciousness of man/woman) there by looking into primitive art for such unconventional (or grotesque) subconscious inspiration, to help reveal the complex mental process, then the essential motivation behind the whole thing was subversion or countering basic notions of the human mind, and experiences. It became imperative for artists to reveal truth in a very graphic and straightforward fashion, and that was to become the fractured beauty of later avant-garde arts. If primitivism was motivating a new dimension by which beauty of the mind was revealed, then Picasso completely subjectified art and personal experience into a fourth dimension and created a cubist movement to claim a break down of a canon that no longer held on to techniques, symbols and least of all - universal criteria for judging the value or end of art. There are many socio-ideological forces behind the same and the destructive World Wars had many reasons to question the notions behind the traditional idea of Beauty, and it addressed the subjective, transcendental and alienated psyche of modern man and art became a pursuit of revealing the mysteries of the mind that was not always beautiful. Metaphysical hopelessness (with questions about the existence of God, and the pain of the war) gave way from beauty to absurdity, while the meaninglessness of man/woman's 'Being', made beauty dissolve into grotesqueness, either by derision or by the light of their tragic truth. Beauty vanish ed from the expressions of art, at least the classical expressions of it, but was re-born with a new makeover: grotesque beauty. What makes the question more intriguing is that, whether contemporary art has found a better form of beauty (constructed to please and create a certain discursive paradigm) in the grotesque, since it frees us from any moral

School Uniforms Essay Example for Free

School Uniforms Essay Uniforms in the School Environment: Can Clothing Really Effect Your Education? Going to public schools all my life, I heard the gossip of fashion and whose wearing what,pretty much everyday; at least in the four years of high school where it seemed that looks mattered the most. As people grow up, the way they present themselves becomes more and more important. Leaving a good mark in high school means a lot to some people, and some are ready to do whatever it takes to make that mark, whether it be putting someone down for their clothing or being an individual and not caring what others think of you or what your wearing. Having friends from middle school that branched out and went the alternative route; private schools, one of the first things that came back to me from them was how much easier it was to having a uniform to wear to school. Going to a school where uniforms are strictly enforced can help to create a better learning environment. Having uniforms would call for a lot less distraction in the classroom, there would be much more time for homework and there would not be as many problems concerning the wear of inappropriate clothing to take away from school time. A quote from the essay, The Achievement of Desire, by Richard Rodriguez fits particularly well in this essay. Get all the education you can, with an education you can do anything. This just doesnt seem like the main idea to many kids anymore and I think that uniforms would help to bring that thought back into a lot of our heads. I know that the idea of wearing a uniform repulses many people, but when broken down, school uniforms really do seem like the way to go. If it was a requirement to wear a uniform to school, there would be many more kids paying attention in classes. Looking around the classroom at what other kids are wearing is a great way to make time fly by. If everyone was wearing the same things, then the distraction of different clothing would be eliminated. Many people worry that uniforms would take away the opportunity for kids to be who they are or who they want to be, but I feel as though wearing uniforms would simply force kids to show their individualism in ways outside of fashion and appearance. When looking at an Opinion Board on the internet I came across the idea that visually uniforms result in a more equal and adult treatment of students, eliminating any idea that one student is being favored over another. Visually, all students were equal. They appeared equal which resulted in more equal treatment from both peers and teachers alike. When a student looks presentable, they will not only be treated as a student, but as an equal, which I feel both students and teachers would benefit from. In the essay, The ? Banking Concept of Education,written by Paulo Freire, there were two types of education discussed. Bankingeducation and Problem-Posing education. Banking education was looked at with the idea that the teacher was the higher power and the student was simply an object where as in Problem-Posing education, the teacher and students both taught and learned the information together. Uniforms would help bring Problem-Posing teaching back into the classrooms of many schools. There would also be a large drop in the amount of teasing that goes on in school. When I asked my old roommate, Maureen Brillante, who attended Sacred Heart Academy about the benefits of going to a school with uniforms, one of the first things she said was that it prevents peoples feelings from being hurt since everyone is wearing the same thing. There is a lot less gossip about clothes and it is much harder to judge people when everyone looks the same. The atmosphere around the whole school just seems brighter that way, she said with a big smile on her face. Having gone to an elementary school that did not have uniforms, Maureen experienced both worlds and found uniforms made high school that much easier to get through. Decisions, Decisions. Should I go home and get my homework done or should I go to the mall and get those new shoes I saw online the other day? Uniforms would help to eliminate one of these decisions. If you had to wear a uniform to school, maybe you would not be in such a rush to go buy the latest clothing, after all, you really cant even wear it to school. This gives a student more time for homework and studying. A great deal of studying and focusing is needed to succeed in school, which Richard Rodriguez emphasizes greatly in his essay The Achievement of Desire. The boy needs to spend more and more time studying, each night enclosing himself in the silence permitted and required by intense concentration. Without this concentration Rodriguez speaks of, a students grades are bound to suffer. Another benefit of uniforms is that you will save money because you wont be buying half the amount of clothes that you normally would be if you did not need to wear a uniform. This idea didnt even cross my mind until my interview with Maureen. In the long run, you really start to save money. A few outfits for the weekends are all you really need, and unless the school changes uniforms while youre there, you can pretty much wear your same uniform for as long as you can fit into it. There is also a lot more time in the mornings to wake up and have a healthy breakfast because you dont have to worry about picking out an outfit to wear. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and I can say that there were many occasions where I skipped breakfast simply because I was running late and picking out clothes seemed to be the bigger picture at that time. I know when I was in high school, some girls came to school late or didnt come at all because they couldnt find an outfit they wanted to wear. Ridiculous? I think so. What did the wearing of school uniforms accomplish? It directly interfered with gangs, gang colors, gang associations, gang affiliations that tended to have more control over the students than either teachers or parents . . . School uniforms did away with such extra curricular activities as thievery. It is not uncommon for the police to receive calls from irate parents regarding their childs loss of an expensive clothing article. School uniformity focuses the attention on where it belongs: academics. You can find the important point that uniforms create less of a boundary to cross when it comes to what kids wear to school on the Holden Police Department web page. There are fewer rules at a school with uniforms simply because the section labeled Dress Code is either nonexistent or simply a brief section on how to wear your uniform properly. Gangs are brought into schools by the gangs members wearing their colors or their logos on their clothing. This brings together two worlds that just should never meet. Although I dont hear much about it these days, uniforms would give kids fewer things to want to steal in high school. Whether it be in the locker room or in lost-and-found, kids would be more honest, because who really wants to steal someone elses uniform? There would also be less shoplifting because kids would have enough money to buy the few outfits they need to wear outside of school. Sex-exploitation is another issue that would be eliminated with uniforms. Girls would not be allowed to wear such skimpy outfits to school, distracting less people, and creating better reputations for everyone. Less time would be spent in the schools main office and more time would be put into being in the classroom. Kids would have fewer ways to get detentions or even expulsion because inappropriate clothing would no longer exist. Forcing kids to find other ways to show their individuality would compel kids to think more about whom they are and not so much about what they wear. Although it may look as if its the cool thing to wear all the latest styles and be up on fashion, does it really seem worth it to risk getting simply an ok education? Where are those priorities of school work and studying for a test when you are out shopping at the mall? In the end it really does make the most sense to simply suck up the idea of wearing the same thing as every other girl or boy at your school and leave with a better education, and a better sense of seeing people for what and who they really are; not what they are or arent wearing. Imagining the idea of a school that one does not have to worry about what kids will say about their outfits, about whether or not what they are wearing is appropriate for school grounds or getting to the mall after school to buy that new sweater they saw in the AF catalogue (which means blowing off that tutoring secession they had to help raise their math grade), seems so far from reality and all that I knew in high school, yet at the same time seems like the ideal way to spend those four important years of high school, those four years in which all of your hard work pays off and gets you accepted into the number one college of your choice. That sounds like the perfect four years of high school to me. School Uniforms Essay Example for Free School Uniforms Essay A group of small boys and girls all warring the same colored uniforms assembled in front of a catholic school is what I imagine when thinking about school uniforms. This is probably what most people imagine. They have been attached to students of European and private schools. Such pictures of students dressing in school uniforms have led to stereotyping and a negative attitude towards schools enforcing a uniform policy. Displayed as robots without the ability to express them selves in a society that says you must express yourself and be an individual at all cost. The problem is that the cost to express yourself and be an individual is high in some cases, in Detroit, a 15-year-old boy was killed for his $86 basketball shoes (Tweeters 1997). I believe that cost is to high, it would be better to be laughed at and teased about warring a nerdy uniform, than to be shot by some gang member that did not like the color of the pants Im warring. School uniforms have been the cause of many jokes and harassment to those who wore them. In the past, public schools considered uniforms old and out dated trends, though recently many public schools are starting to implement and enforce a uniform policy. The implementation of a school uniform policy is important if we are still striving to improve our students. The arguments against them are fading while the positive reasons are promoting school uniforms and gaining ground. Some of the possible benefits are safety, cost, uniformity and competition in academics instead of fashions. The main argument against them is the need for students to express their individual selves; this argument is losing ground compared to the benefits of the uniform policy. Today many public schools are mandating and enforcing school uniforms for their students. San Antonio School district requires all 60,000 of its students to wear uniforms; over 60% of Fort Worths elementary schools require their students to ware uniforms (Radcliffe 1999). In 1995, the Texas legislature gave public school districts the authority to require uniforms under Texas State Law 11. 162 of the Texas Education Code. (Appendix A). The law however is a voluntary law; schools are not required to have a uniform policy. A Dallas attorney Domingo Garcia has filed a proposed legislation that would make it mandatory to wear uniforms in Grades k-12 in Texas (Ramos 1997). The first fundamental issue that school board officials and law makers should look at before they make new policies and laws concerning school uniforms is, will these new laws and policies have a positive impact on students overall performance. This would not be limited to academic performances only but should also include other socially learned behavior that will enhance the students ability to conform to the social norms needed to be successful in todays society. People for uniforms say that the academic performance has been and will increase by having the students ware them (Caruso 1996). A lessened degree of attention and concern with fashion will enable a better condition for serious study, as well as lesson the cultural and economic challenges of students and parents. (Cohn 1996, Paliokos 1996) Nathan Minster, a seventh grader at Country Day of Arlington said, Uniforms provide a better educational atmosphere, and symbolize school spirit. If all students dress alike, their attention will not focus on Johnnys new Tommy Hilfiger outfit. (Teeters 1996). Any situation that does not promote the improvement of students in school should be looked at and studied to find ways to change the situation. There are no positive aspects to worrying about not having the money to buy the coolest and newest fashions. Would it not be better to strive and worry about who can get the best grade or do the best science project. Is the reduction of crime going to help improve our students? We must agree that there is no part of our students lives that can be improved by the atmosphere of crime. We need to ask the question, What ought to be? When it comes to school and crime. How to deal with crime is one of the ethical questions all school administrators and lawmakers must address and act on accordingly. The statistics say that schools having a school uniform policy have seen a decrease in crime. Long Beach Unified School District was the first large urban school district in the United States to require school uniforms. They have seen substantial decreases in crime in the past five years since they have required uniforms. One incredible reduction was that sex offenses have decreased 93%. (Appendix B). The cost of implementing a uniform policy must also be looked at closely. The fact that all students have different degrees of economic status requires us to address this matter. If a student cannot afford uniforms would they not be able to go to school. Would it be better to have them spend all their money on uniforms so they could go to school, but because of that they dont have the money to participate in after school sports or social events. Maybe they would spend the money on uniforms instead of nutritious food, which could affect their health. The current Texas law does provide ways of providing uniforms for students who cannot afford to buy them. (Appendix A). The Long Beach Unified School District has privately funded over $160,000 for assistance to disadvantaged students. By doing this they have not put any financial burden on the taxpayers. The cost can be high, as it has been for the San Antonio School district, which has spent about $500,000 to outfit 90% of their students (Radcliffe 1999). Unlike Long Beach School District, San Antonios uniform policy has cost the taxpayers a lot of money. They ought to look at ways of reducing the cost to taxpayers, possible private funding from companies that participate in philanthropic programs. What are the ethical concerns for schools considering school uniforms? The nation has implemented school uniforms in about 25 percent of the public elementary, middle, and junior high schools according to the (California School News March 31,1997). The general improvements of the students who attend schools that requiring them to ware uniforms has shown an improvement. I can conclude from the improvements that we ought to have 100 percent of public schools starting uniform policies. I dont believe that waiting for years of research and study on this issue will change the outcome. Students are moving through school fast and to wait for years to go by before making this a policy can only lesson the improvement chances of the students who are currently in school. The motivation of this issue is not to infringe on students rights or burden parents with extra cost, but to simply improve the students. Do students have rights as part of the American populous? If so, what are there rights? Do they even have the right to choose to go or not to go to school, or is this, the rights of the parents and society? Our society is now more than ever concerned with our rights and feelings. Is a first graders mind able to use these rights for there best interest or is it up to the adult population? Parents are the ones who should teach and mentor the students in the spirit of the rights and how to use them for the good judgment and common sense. The Bible says, For I, too, was once a son, tenderly loved by my mother as an only child, and the companion of my father. He told me never to forget his words. If you follow them, he said, you will have a long and happy life. Learn to be wise, he said, and develop good judgment and common sense! I cannot overemphasize this point. (Proverbs 3: 3-5). Is it more important for us to make a place where the student can improve in the general sense compared to the First amendment claims that the students dont have the right of free expression? Any dress restriction that infringes on a students First Amendment right must be justified by a showing that the students attire materially disrupts school operation, infringes on the rights of others at the school, or otherwise interferes with any basic educational mission of he school (Grantham 1994). The legal aspect of requiring students to ware uniforms is a small matter if the majority of the parents back the policy. However, some will fight with every penny they have so that their kids will not have to ware the uniforms. The biggest legal issue is the First Amendments, right to free expression and the Fourteenth Amendment. They use this to say that the school has violated the students liberty to control his or her personal appearance ( Paliokos 1996). Stakeholders are involved in every part of this issue. Every person is a stakeholder. It will affect, children, adults, and elderly in one way or another, some more than others will. The children will be affected because they will have to ware the uniforms. Primary social stakeholders would be the students, parents, school employees and administrators, taxpayers, people opposed to and people for school uniforms. I dont have children but I am a stakeholder because if the uniform policy is voted on and passed the chances are my local school tax will increase to help pay for the new uniforms. Paying for the uniforms might not seem fair to someone in my position but if I look at the long term benefits of having our public schools improve the students I believe that the chances of a better society in my golden years is more likely to happen compared with the alternative of not improving the students. The improvement of students basic education holds very high stakes for all stakeholders. If a student receives a better education he/she will have a better chance and be better equipped to be part of our adult society in which they will have to abide by our standard. The responsibility of the schools and lawmakers is to improve students. They are also responsible to do this within a budget. This does mean there will be some compromises and restrictions to what and how they accomplish this task of improving the students. They must also stay within the legal aspects of our laws, which has been brought about by society from the past. If the laws are no longer valid they need to be changed for the current situations faced today by schools trying to improve students. Lets look at the stakeholders and what stakes they face. See stakeholder map Appendix C. Students, parents, teachers, school administrators, and the general society are the stakeholders we will look at although there are many more secondary stakeholders involved with this issue. What challenges, threats or opportunities do these stakeholders pose? What economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities do they have? We will start by looking at the students. The challenge they have has been a negative and stressful one, what to wear today? is a question that will no longer have to be asked each morning before school. The desire to have the coolest and newest fashions is no longer a challenge for the students who attend schools with uniform policies. The challenge to not be teased or laughed at is no longer there. Jacqueline Rios, a student at Glencrest Middle School said, The good thing about uniforms is that everybody wears the same color. And having uniforms is a lot better, because people cannot talk about and laugh at your clothes. (Teeter 1997). We do however have the threat that some of the opposing students will not comply which could cause discipline problems or even cause them to drop out of school. The opportunities for the students are all positive ones. Simply put they will have more opportunities to better themselves with academic issues because the priority of fashion standards is gone as Assistant Director of elementary school operations, Frankie Batts, said, Instead of worrying about their clothes or what everyone else is wearing, kids focus on math and reading, (Richardson 1995). Parents will also enjoy the decreasing challenge of keeping their kids in the newest fashions. The money issue will improve for them, Three outfits can run about $130, said Jan Underwood, owner of the U. T. W. Uniforms store in Fort Worth (Teeters 1997). Parents have had to struggle with deciding if what there kids are warring is proper. You might even ask, is it ethical to let my daughter go to school in an almost see-through and skintight outfit? The students being at a school with a uniform policy would now solve this problem. A possible threat from the parents would be from those who feel and believe that kids should be able to do and ware what they want and to force them to ware a uniform is a violation of their kids rights as well as the law. They do however seem to be the minority, most parents seem to support uniforms. The Longview Independent School district says they would support the decision for school uniforms if 75 to 80 percent of the parents were for it (Bell 2000). Teachers will have the challenge of enforcing the new uniform polices but it will be much easier then enforcing the current dress code. At most, schools the guidelines of a dress code can be subjective in determining if they meet the requirements. Lets say, if the school dress policy said that girls must ware skirts that go down to there knees and a student is seen warring one that does meet that requirement but it is see-through and she is not wearing underpants. This could cause a problem because the requirement is subjective. If the uniform policy was in effect this would not be because the see-through skirt would either be part of the uniform and accepted or not, it would now be an objective decision for the teacher to make, either it is a violation or not. One of the great opportunities that it would give the teachers is by having all the students dress alike they would be able to identify students who belong to the school and trespassers who dont. This is a great safety issue in todays times where it is important to regulate who comes on campuses. How about on a school field trip would it not be easier to identify your students in a crowd if you did not have to remember what everyone was warring. Say they were kidnapped would it not be easier to describe them to the police. School administrators have all the issues to deal with. They are the ones who are challenged to improve the students. They have the challenge to implement school policies like uniforms in an effort to improve students. Their decisions go from the smallest detail, what colors, what style, what material, all or which can have either positive or negative effects on other stakeholders. They must accomplish this and be able to stay within the legal, economic and ethical parameters that currently guide their decisions. What a privilege they have with this opportunity to improve students who will in turn improve society and possibly the entire world. Though this is a great opportunity, it is also a great responsibility to have. General society has a stake that is both short term and long term. On the short term, they will have to support the decisions of the uniform policies that are imposed upon the students and parents. Some of the long-term stakes would be requiring paying for some of the uniforms for students who cannot afford them. For the few who oppose the uniforms they will not have to compromise their beliefs so that their kids can get an education. The Texas 1995 law allows some exceptions to the rules with a written request that states a bona fide religious or philosophical objection to the requirement. (Appendix A) Some recommendations that should be looked at by schools before starting a uniform policy could help reduce the problems that occur from putting new policies into effect. They need to be able to justify the actions by demonstrating the link between a kind of dress and disruptive behavior or between a dress and improvements of the students. They should consult with the schools legal advisors to possible legal problems. Determine ways of enforcing the policy as well as what punishment would occur. Finding out what the parents and students think and involving them before the final starting date. They might try to find out what the students favorite color or type of material they want to use. They might even look at having some variety maybe two different colors. This way the students will feel included in the decisions and might not fight the policy, making the discipline problem smaller because they would be less likely to rebel. A financial study should be conducted prior to the policy to determine how much burden is going to be imposed on the school itself, how many students would require financial assistance with the cost of the uniforms. By keeping the primary stakeholders involved with the decisions prior to making the policy, schools have a better chance of success from the uniform policy. Appendix A Sec. 11. 162. School Uniforms. a) The board of trustees of an independent school district may adopt rules that require students at a school in the district to wear school uniforms if the board determines that the requirement would improve the learning environment at the school. (b) The rules the board of trustees adopts must designate a source of funding that shall be used in providing uniforms for students at the school who are educationally disadvantaged. (c) A parent or guardian of a student assigned to attend a school at which students are required to wear school uniforms may choose for the student to be exempted from the requirement or to transfer to a school at which students are not required to wear uniforms and at which space is available if the parent or guardian provides a written statement that, as determined by the board of trustees, states a bona fide religious or philosophical objection to the requirement. (d) Students at a school at which uniforms are required shall wear the uniforms beginning on the 90th day after the date on which the board of trustees adopts the rules that require the uniforms. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg. , ch. 260, Sec. 1, eff. May 30, 1995. Appendix B GRADES K-8 SCHOOL CRIME REPORT SUMMARY Since the inception of required school uniforms in all Long Beach Unified School District elementary and middle schools, in September 1994, school crime here has dropped 86% percent. SCHOOL CRIME REDUCED 1993-94 Before Uniforms 1994-95 Uniforms Required 1995-96 2nd Year with Uniforms 1996-97 3rd Year with Uniforms 1997-98 4th Year with Uniforms 1998-99 5th Year With Uniforms Change K-8 Enrollment 57,497 58,376 59,822 62,039 63,602 65,451 +14% Assault/Battery* 319 214 53 47 46 82 Assault w/Deadly Weapon* 6 3 16 11 8 24 Sex Offenses 57 15 5 4 2 4 -93% Robbery/Extortion 34 12 13 5 3 5 -85%. Chemical Substances 71 29 24 20 27 37 -48% Weapons or Look A like 145 78 28 24 12 36 -75% Vandalism** 1,409 1,155 127 93 98 106 Dangerous Devices 46 23 1 2 0 2 -96% TOTAL 2087 1529 267 206 196 296 -86% *The statewide category of assault has been revised because of different interpretations of what constitutes assault. Verbal threats without physical contact were sometimes reported as assaults. There is also a new, expanded definition of assault with a deadly weapon. Reported now is any item that is actually used in an effort to inflict any bodily harm, i. e. a foot, a fist, a pencil or a comb. **Under the new California Safe Schools Assessment School Crime Report, only vandalism over $100 is included. Some prior years incidents were under $100, so the actual reduction is less than this. Appendix C Bibliography Resources Bell, Becky. LISD group focuses on school uniforms Longview News Journal 22 March 2000; Local California Leads nation in Public School Uniform Use. California School News 31 March 1997: 4 Caruso, Peter. Individuality vs. Conformity: The Issue Behind School Uniforms. NASSP Bulletin 8,581 September 1996: 83-88. Chon, Carl A. Mandatory School Uniforms. The School Administrator 53, 2 February 1996: 22-25 Grantham, Kimberly. Restricting Student Dress in Public Schools. School Law Bulletin 25, Winter 1994: 1-10 Long Beach Crime Report Summary. http://www. lbusd. k12. ca. us/ Paliokas, Kathleen L. Trying Uniforms On for Size. The American School Board Journal 183, 5 May 1996: 32-35 Proverbs. The Bible. The Living Bible. 3; 3-5 Radcliffe, Jennifer. Irving joins movement supporting required attire. Star Telegram 25 March 1999 http://netarrant. net/news/doc/1047/1:NEA/1:NEA032599. html Ramos, Cindy. Capitol moves San Antonio Express-News 1 April 1997 Metro- Education Express: 4B Richardson, Ginger. Student uniforms in vogue at schools in Fort Worth Officials report success of voluntary clothing programs. Fort Worth Star Telegram, 16 August 1995; Metro Teeters, Amy. Growing up in uniform style. Fort Worth Star-Telegram 18 February 1997: Class Acts: 9 Texas State Law 11. 162 of the Texas Education Code. http://www. tea. state. tx. us.

Online Education vs Traditional Education Essay Example for Free

Online Education vs Traditional Education Essay Have you ever enrolled in an online class and a traditional class at the same time? Kaleb has tried both unfortunately one was more successful than the other. Kaleb is taking Anatomy and English, Anatomy is an online class and English is a traditional class. He excels in his English class due the face-to-face interaction and swift feedback from the instructor and his peers. The online class on the other hand was the total opposite; here he is sitting in front of the computer dazed and confused trying to figure what to do next. Kaleb is an auditory and tactile learner so he needs physical contact and interaction. The online class did not provide that physical contact and feedback he needed so he was not very successful in it. Although online and traditional educations are both forms of learning, traditional education is more informative due to the availability, discussion/communication, and structure. Traditional courses have availability to its advantage considering that some students often fail online courses because of lack in availability. In a traditional course you have that face to face interaction and physical contact. Your professors are available on hand for you to ask questions about things you do not understand. Your classmates are physically available for you all to interact with each other questions. Online courses lack the swift feedback you receive in a traditional classroom. When learning something new you need that immediate availability that the traditional classroom provides. Class communication and discussions are very helpful when taking any type of class. Online courses do have discussions, because the communications for online courses are not definite. Online communication is somewhat unreliable; communicating with a peer online will not always receive a response. Traditional class’s communication and discussion are beneficial; if you have information or responses for one of your peers you will immediately receive a response. Unlike online classes, in a traditional course you have class discussion where you are graded to participate. Having discussions during class gives you an opportunity to give your input on the discussion taking place, it also gives you a chance to voice and concerns you have. Also when you have the face to face interaction that I mentioned in the last paragraph you are able to get a response right away without having to wait on an electronic response. Structure in the classroom is very important. In order to have a successful class you have to orchestrate some type of order. Traditional courses have rules that you must follow if you would like to continue the course that you are enrolled in. Traditional courses have rules such as attendance policies and assignment due dates. Unlike online courses, traditional classes have required participation and presentation you have to perform in every course. Whenever you have these rules and requirements you perform better and excel in your class. Last, even though online and traditional educations are both forms of learning traditional education is more beneficial and informative due to availability, discussion/communication, and structure. Online courses may be preferred by some students, but when enrolled in such a course you have to be prepared and able to teach yourself and learn accordingly. Although, Kaleb tried both online and traditional courses, he realized that traditional courses are more informative especially for him considering that he is a hand on learner. Now Kaleb will think twice before he enrolls into another online class.

Clinical Leadership in Mental Health

Clinical Leadership in Mental Health Kenneth Dantzler Clinical leadership in mental health provides education for individual in an organization to break down barriers that keeps supervisors from discriminating against an individual from diverse groups based on gender, ethnicity, race, social economic or sexual orientation. Whitney and Ames (2014) addresses the issue of discrimination and ways an organization can be inclusive of all individuals (Whitney Ames, 2014). The American Psychological Association address issues primarily from a historic domestic multicultural viewpoint based on race, gender, sex, national origin and sexual orientation (Lowman, 2014). This paper identifies reasons the APA promotes inclusion of multicultural awareness in the leader. This document addresses example of multicultural issues that may arise in an organization based on ethnicity and gender. The paper addresses o ways to evaluate a method of leadership in dealing with diverse individuals, and the model that one could provide. This document discusses the concern and the purpose of addressing relational aspects of the supervisory-supervisee as it relates to the importance of diversity in an organization. The major themes through this paper are multicultural awareness, supervision, and supervisee. Multicultural Awareness Diversity awareness. Multiculture or diversity competency within an organization is crucial to the organization. The APAs goal is to recruit individuals from a diverse background (APA, 2012). Managers perceive diversity as an important relationship within organizational performance (Garib, 2013). Having such a various groups of individuals with an organization show that an organization recognizes and values diverse culture and backgrounds (APA, 2012). Supervisors and supervisees may be able to prevent conflicts, such as using ethical decision-making models or increasing the awareness based on the value of culture of other individuals (Cohen-Filipic Flores, 2014). To be effective in a global world, the organizational strategy must outline ways to define diversity and incorporate these strategic plans, mission or vision statements in company policy for upcoming supervisors and supervisees (Liberman, 2013). Individuals from a diverse background bring a different perspective on how to r elate to other individuals who are of different ethnicities, genders, sexual orientation or disabilities (APA, 2012). According to the APA, professionals are to respect the dignity and uphold the rights of all persons (APA, 2012). Under the APA, professional should be aware of the safeguards of individual who may have some impairment, such as blindness, speak or development physically(APA, 2012). However, having diverse in an organization enhances the organizations views and with such diversity provides and avenue for multicultural education (APA, 2012). Multicultural or diversity training provides the organization with a focus on awareness and raises individuals perspective of difference and inclusion in the workplace (APA, 2012). For example, if an organization hires an individual who is Native American as a mental health provider this individual may have knowledge of certain rituals, or cultural practices that are unique to the Native American community. Multicultural issues. Though there are many examples of issues that a supervisor-supervisee may come in contact with, ethnicity and gender seem to be problematic in todays society. In dealing with racial ethnicity, each may have a different perspective concerning an issue based on one s racial identity (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). One may base racial identity on the oppressed or the oppressor (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). One may view racial identity through concepts, conceptualizations, and depth of ethnic and racial distinctiveness development (Schwartz et al., 2014). Though racial identity may be a social-political construct, one may come in contact where this may be an issue (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). One may implicitly become racial bias based negative communication in minority client sessions, and that may add to ethnic disparities in processes of care (Schaa et. al., 2015). For instance, in some communities the pain of racial identifies becomes an issue that may cause others to be ashamed of ones racial identity. Therefore, the individual may internalize certain moods, looks, or words from another group that may be inappropriate. However, researchers noted that racial identity in leadership may be ill-equipped in understanding or having the lack of knowledge of individuals from another race (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). The psychological implications of persons of color may have a misorientation based on past cultural experiences that are the historical part of ones past (Ya Azibo, 2011). Gender seems to be problematic in this society when it comes to hiring females in different positions. Women continue to struggle for fair treatment whether in the education field, promotion to jobs equal pay (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). Women still earn less than men on many jobs (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). The gender gap is an area where supervisor-supervisee could come together and discuss gender bias in an organization (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). Researchers noted that male raters showed more gender-role congruity bias than did female rates in male-dominated occupations (Koch et. al., 2015). For instance, it is a problem when an organization has more clients who are female but have few females in a position to work with female clients. The organization does not represent the population that is being served. Evaluation Methods. The best plan of action for evaluation issues based on multicultural issues based on the assessment on how well the assessment reveals the gap that may exist in an organization. In the assessment process, individuals may have the objectives in outline form (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). One may use the objectives to reach a particular goal (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). The discussion of updates is crucial in reporting where there are gaps or successes (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). The gaps in the information identify where the needs are (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). The information also provides the supervisor with data to select an evaluation instrument based on trends within an organization (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). Though evidenced-based practice may be challenging in the health field, this instrument showed good consistency and simultaneous legitimacy in assessing problems (Son et. al., 2014). The feedback from the supervisor to supervisees and supervisee to supervisor de monstrate that there are a shared communication between both parties (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). Model of supervision. The best model for supervision is the evidence-based practice. The need for evidence-based practice is a model that deals with providing services that tailored to the needs of clients (Cohen-Filipic Flores, 2014). Within the evidence-based practice model, the supervisor help to provide supervisees with additional education (Drake, 2013). For example, supervisees may come in contact with individuals from a different religious background. Having the know and information gives the supervise a foundation as to how to work with these clients in the mental health setting. Concerns. The supervisor-supervisor relationship plays a crucial role in providing the best care for individuals who may come into a clinical context. In the integrative approach, the clinician deals with changing the cognitive and behavioral patterns of individuals (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). The cognitive-behaviors is a learned behavior that may cause negative feelings or views (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). As a professional, the supervisee may use multiple approaches to help assist in the educational aspect of the supervisee as it relates to conflict (Bernard Goodyear, 2014). The psychodynamics has roots in psychoanalysis and integrative psychodynamic, and cognitive–behavioral therapy (Wachtel, 2014). The theoretical structure focuses on the personality patterns that play an essential role in the maintenance or change of the problematic patterns (Wachtel, 2014). Conclusion Supervisors-supervisees in leadership need competency training. Educational training on multicultural awareness provides information for workers to co-exist and work in a harmonious environment. Discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, race, social economic or sexual orientation is unethical. However, placing cognitive and motivational mechanisms in an organization benefits and challenges both supervisors-supervisees to enhance their understanding from a different viewpoint of other individuals.

How Global Warming Will Affect Human Health Essay -- Geology

How Will Global Warming Affect Human Health? Introduction: Certain threats to human health loom larger with rising temperatures. Extremely hot temperatures can cause heat illnesses and loss of life. Several vector borne diseases only occur in warm areas, and an increase in temperature could mean a spread of these diseases to larger areas. Also, warm temperatures can increase levels of air pollutants, including ozone, which can harm human health. Direct Effects: The most direct way that a rise in global mean temperature will affect human health is through a more frequent occurrence of heat waves. Heat can seriously harm or even kill during a heat wave. Extremely high temperatures push the human body beyond its capacity to cool itself through perspiration. Usually, the body perspires and is cooled through the evaporation of that perspiration. In conditions with extremely high temperatures and humidity levels, evaporation slows and the body has to work harder to cool itself. The elderly, the young, the overweight, and the infirm are vulnerable to heat stroke, as are people who have been overexposed to the heat, or have over-exercised for their age and physical condition. Men are more susceptible to heat illnesses than women, because they sweat more and dehydrate more quickly. The problem is exacerbated in urban areas because asphalt, concrete, and other manmade materials absorb a lot of light and reradiate it as infrared radiati on, which raises the temperature of the air. In a normal year, about 175 Americans die from extreme heat related illnesses, but that number could rise tremendously in response to global warming. Studies based on heat wave mortality statistics estimate that in Atlanta, even... ...w.epa.gov/airnow/health/ Fema. "Extreme Heat Backgrounder." http://www.fema.gov/library/heat.htm Greenpeace. "Global Warming May Spread Infectious Diseases." http://www.greenpeace.org/~climate/database/records/zgpz0707.html Hall, Mike. "Ground Level Ozone." http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~mjhall/glo/ Living Planet. "Emerging Infectious Diseases." http://livingplanet.org/climate/climate_docs/health_factsheet/emerging.htm Myers, David G. Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers, 1998. Nasa. "Islands in the (Air) Stream." http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/essd01may98_1.htm The University of Edinburgh. "What effects can the environment have on health?" http://www.med.ed.ac.uk/HEW/env/introeh.html Washington State Department of Health. "High Levels of Ozone Pose Health Risks." http://www.doh.wa.gov/Publicat/98_News/98-68.html

Rebecca :: Essays Papers

Rebecca Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 to William and Mary Ford. He was the first of six children. He grew up in a rich farming household in Dearborn, Michigan. He enjoyed a typical childhood, spending his days in a one-room schoolhouse and doing farm chores. Ever since he was young, he showed an interest for the mechanical aspect of things, and how they worked and functioned. He used to take things apart and put them back together to get an idea of the inner workings of basic mechanical tools (Nevins, 47 - 50). In 1879, at a young age of 16, he left his home to travel to the near by city of Detroit to work as an apprentice for a machinist. He occasionally returned home to work on the farm. He remained an apprentice for three years and then returned to Dearborn. During the next few years, Henry divided his time between operating and repairing steam engines, finding occasional work in Detroit factories, and working on his fathers broken down farm equipment, as well as lending an unwilling hand with other farm work. Henry got married to Clara Bryant in 1888 Henry supported himself and his wife by running a sawmill (Collier, 145 - 152). In 1891, Henry became an engineer with the Edison Illumination Company. This was an important event in his life because it signified that he had made a conscious career move into industrial pursuits. He was promoted to Chief Engineer in 1893. This gave him enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on internal combustion engines (Lacey 13 - 14). The high point of this research came with the completion of his own self-propelled vehicle, the Quadricycle. This bike had four wire wheels and was steered with a tiller, like a boat. It had two forward speeds, and no reverse. Although this was not the first self-propelled vehicle, it set Henry Ford as one of the major pioneers whom helped this nation become one of motorists (Head 22 - 24). Ford decided that he wanted to become an automobile manufacturer. After two unsuccessful tries, Ford motor company was finally incorporated in 1903 with Henry Ford as the Vice President and Chief Engineer. When the company first started it was only producing a few cars a day at the Ford factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit. A group of two or three men would work on one car from components made to order by other companies (Lewis 99 - 100)

song of solomon :: essays research papers

When Milkman goes to Pennsylvania to look for the gold, he was actually in search of his family’s past. One of the themes in the story is how the history of African Americans histories are not clear and unrecorded. The fact that the history of Milkman’s family history is so unclear and unrecorded he goes through a long journey to find it. Along the way he goes through many places and meets many people that help him find his family history. Milkman thought the bag that Pilate had was filled with the dead white mans gold, but when he reaches Pennsylvania he realizes that he is wrong. He found out the truth when he meets ancient Circe. Ancient Circe is a woman he meets and she represents a person who is linked to Milkman’s past. She was living through the Civil War and mid-wifed Macon and Pilates birth. Circe knew his ancestors and she told Milkman that the bones in the bag were her father’s bones. All this is too much for Milkman to believe without actual proof, so he travels to Virginia in hope to find the whole truth. Before Milkman could reach where he intended on going in Virginia, his car breaks down so he went to an auto shop in Shalimar, Virginia. In Shalimar heWhen Milkman goes to Pennsylvania to look for the gold, he was actually in search of his family’s past. One of the themes in the story is how the history of African Americans histories are not clear and unrecorded. The fact that the history of Milkman’s family history is so unclear and unrecorded he goes through a long journey to find it. Along the way he goes through many places and meets many people that help him find his family history. Milkman thought the bag that Pilate had was filled with the dead white mans gold, but when he reaches Pennsylvania he realizes that he is wrong. He found out the truth when he meets ancient Circe. Ancient Circe is a woman he meets and she represents a person who is linked to Milkman’s past.

Shottky diode

The Schottky diode is an important device which is widely used in radio-frequency (RF) applications. It possesses many similarities to the point-contact diode. In fact many of the early devices were made in the same way as a point-contact diode, although today's devices are made with totally different manufacturing techniques. Unlike conventional semiconductor diodes, which consist of a PN Junction, the Schottky diode is made from a metal semiconductor Junction.This offers a number of dvantages in some circumstances as the diode has a very low forward-voltage drop, and secondly it has a very fast switching speed. Both of these properties make it ideal for many RF applications as well as giving it uses in many other areas, as we shall see. Characteristics. The Schottky diode is what is called a majority carrier device. This gives it tremendous advantages in terms of speed. By making the devices small, the normal RC (resistancecapacitance) type time constants can be reduced, making the Schottky diode an order of magnitude faster than the conventional PN diodes.This factor is he prime reason why they are so popular in RF applications. The Schottky diode also has a much higher current density than an ordinary PN junction. This means that forward-voltage drops are lower, making these diodes ideal for use in powerrectification applications. The main drawback of the diode is found in the level of its reverse current, which is relatively high. For many uses this may not be a problem, but it is a factor which is worth watching when using Schottky diodes in more exacting applications. Variety of Applications.The Schottky diode is used in a wide variety of applications. It can naturally be used as a general-purpose rectifier. However, in terms of RF applications, it is particularly useful because of its high switching speed and high-frequency capability. Schottky diodes are similarly very good as RF detectors as their low capacitance and forward- voltage drop enable them to detect signals which an ordinary PN Junction would not It has already been mentioned that the Schottky diode has a high-current density and low forward-voltage drop. As a result, Schottky diodes are widely used in power supplies.By using these diodes, less power is wasted, making the supply more nd smaller heatsinks may be able to be incorporated in the design. The Schottky diode is used in logic circuits. Although not as common these days, the 74LS (low-power Schottky) and 74S (Schottky) families of logic circuits use Schottky diodes as a core component. The Schottky is inserted between the collector and base of the driver transistor to act as a clamp (see Fig. 2). To. produce a low or logic ‘O' output the transistor is driven hard on, and in this situation the base-collector junction of the diode is forward biased.When the Schottky diode is present, this akes most of the current and allows the turn-off time of the transistor to be greatly reduced, thereby improving the sp eed of the circuit.

Comparison between China and South Korea

Compare China to Taiwan, South Korea, or Russia (choose 1 or more) and discuss how a democratic transformation could occur, and what the most likely path to demagnification could be? (2000 words) Abstract This essay will compare China to South Korea and discuss how a democratic transformation could occur in South Korea. Also, I will discuss what would be the most likely path to demagnification of China. I am Intrigued by this topic since I am South Korean who currently live in Hong Kong, a part of China.To write this essay, I offered to online articles about China and South Korea. China and South Korea share East Aslant culture and Confucianism and thus have similarities but also have many differences. I will examine the demagnification history of South Korea and discuss whether demagnification of China would be possible and suggest possible ways of China being democratic. Readers of this essay will be informed and understand more about South Koreans political path and able to expect what may cause China to be democratic.Introduction China is a country with the biggest number of population of more than 1. 3 billion, which contributes one fifth of the global population. In terms of land area, China Is the second-largest country. China's place In the world Is getting bigger in a fast pace and It even threatens the power of U. S. If this fast economic growth of China goes on at this rate, It may even surpass U. S and become the largest economic power. Some argue that china already contributes to the growth of world economy more than the Currently, as the world leader, the U. S. As big responsibilities on the world and is very influential on other countries' matters. It intervenes with politics of other entries, sending military to solve conflicts in other countries and protecting and supporting their allies. For example, the U. S send military to Iraq in order to protect diplomatic facilities and personnel in Baghdad and there are about 37 thousands of the U. S so ldiers residing in South Korea in order to protect South Korea from possible attack by North Korea. Being world leader means ability to influence other countries' matters.But what if China becomes the world leader in future? There is a huge possibility of China becoming the world leader in future if we take into account the fact that China s the most populous country in the world. Will China be better leader than America? Will China more intervene in other countries' matters than the U. S. Do? Will the world become better or worse place if China take the leadership? My expectation is that if China becomes the world leader, China will intervene with other countries' affairs like the U. S. Do or more than what U. S. O. The outcome of Chinese intervention must be negative in my expectation, major because China is not democratic. ( I consider democracy as more advanced form of a government than authoritarian government. If we cannot stop China being more influential on the world affairs , will there be any way of China being democratic? Will China fare better with democracy? Method and materials I searched Google and Wisped with keywords such as China political system, China, South Korea, 4 19 revolution, Gangue movement, and June democratic uprising.Also, I used Korean Website called Never to find more about history of democracy establishment of Korea. Various articles regarding politics of China and South Korea are covered. Results and discussions Comparison between China and South Korea China had been a leader of East Asia which spread culture, philosophies and new innovations to Korea and Japan. Ancient Chinese considered themselves as the centre of the world and referred other countries around China as inferior tribes, referring them as barbarians.China called other countries and ethnic groups as (Eastern Barbarian), Barbarian), Barbarian) and (Northern Barbarian). Meanwhile, Chosen Dynasty of Korea, which existed Just before Japanese Occupation of South Korea , considered all other countries, except for China and Korea, as barbarians, especially disrespecting Japan. Ancient Koreans thought giggly of China as more developed country and had several cultural exchanges and trades. We can see that Chinese had strong prides about their country and Koreans showed special respect towards China.Although ancient china was one of the most developed countries in the world, Chinese economy had been stagnant after the Korea also adopted strong Confucianism, setting Confucianism as basic principles of governance, and regarded studying such as Science as somewhat unimportant compared to learning Confucianism value. Although China and Korea both thought highly of Confucianism, both of them were negatively impacted by it in fields of economy, politics and overall development. Both China and Korea have a history of Japanese invasion Just before the end of World War 2.Entire Korea was colonized by Japan between 1910 and 1945 and major cities in China were t aken over by the Japanese from 1937 to 1945. Both China and South Korea were impoverished and one of the poorest country in the world after World War 2, but achieved economic growth in the recent decades under authoritarian government, led by government, through industrialization and exports. South Korea is now almost developed country and China is currently the second largest economy of the world but still a developing country. South Korea produces and exports more technologically advanced goods than China.Now, China is rapidly developing but South Koreans development is slowed down. One of the major difference between South Korea and China is that South Korea is democratic while China is authoritarian government with civilian dictatorship. China is run by a single party, the Communist Party of China. South Korea has relatively free media and internet access. China is very different from South Korea when it comes to freeness of media and the internet. China blocks more than 2,700 w ebsites including Google, Backbone, and Youth and replaced them as their own version, used only among Chinese.China blocks these website in order for Chinese not to receive any external information that may make Chinese to go against the government. How democratic transformation could occur in South Korea The Republic of Korea was formally established on 15 August 1948, three years after Japanese government announced surrender to the Allies in World War 2. In constitution, it was written that South Korea is democratic republic but it was not in reality. There are three big movements which contributed to demagnification of South Korea, namely, April 19 Revolution, Gangue uprising, and June Democratic Uprising.April 19 Revolution happened against 1960 vice fraudulent presidential election manipulated by by-then president Rhea. Students and citizens protested against dictatorship of by-then president Rhea which resulted in resignation of Rhea. However, South Korea was soon under dictat orship again by Park Chunk-he who launched a coup d' ©tat and established military government. Gangue uprising or May 18th Democratic uprising is a movement in 1980, in which Gangue citizens took up weapons against government troops when the government June Democratic Uprising happened in June 1987.Large-scale protests by citizens resulted in elections being hold and occurrence of democratic reforms which caused establishment of present democracy of South Korea. Thus, this movement can be viewed as the most significant milestone for establishment of democracy in South Korea. South Koreans democracy was achieved by students' and citizens' demonstrations. The intensity of demonstration for democracy strengthened and number of people participating in movements increased as time passes during sass to sass South Koreans establishment of democracy was followed by economic growth.South Koreans democracy was achieved by students' and citizens' demonstrations. According to a reach done by Robert Barron, in general, increase in average income is followed by increase in level of democracy. South Korea is one of the cases. As average income rises, there are more voices for democracy. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that as income rises, citizens do not worry much about making a living anymore and start to care about right which they had neglected. Democracy confers more right to citizens than authoritarian regimes.Democracy is desirable In my opinion, democracy is superior to autocracy is that democracy. In democracy, citizens are able to elect or fire their leaders in a regular basis, resulting in having a proper leader who can guide the nation to path of economic growth and good governance. Also, a government represent civilians and protects individual right with decentralized, local government bodies. Also, freedom is often associated with democracy. Democratic country grants citizens freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion and free medi a and press.In non-democratic country, the media is usually not free, and any expression against the government may cause one to be imprisoned. In democracy, people's will can be expressed though elections and normal citizens can participate in politics. Democracy values cooperation and compromise regardless of gender, age, ethnic group, religion and all other different categories of groups. Democratic government tries to listen to voices of all communities, protecting rights to be different. Chinese government does not want democracy As China is getting more important in the global community, it is becoming more influential on other countries.One thing that I am worried about a situation in which China being leader of the world is that China is not democratic and it may influence there countries to follow a government form of China's authoritarian regime or impede other countries being democratic. If China becomes the world leader, some countries' government might take step back to worse form of governance. In 2005, Beijing released its first white paper on political democracy but stated that their democracy is a â€Å"Socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics†.The communist parties and thus they subdue any opposition movements. Also, China is comprised of majority of Han Chinese and 55 other ethnic minority groups. China includes areas like Tibet, Jinxing and Hong Kong, regions not integrated into Chinese culture. If Chinese government do not block websites such as Google, Youth and Backbone, it will be more difficult for them to govern these areas since Chinese in other regions may hear the news of protests for independence in these areas and there might be people in other areas who listen to their voices.Freedom of media is one of important characteristics of democracy. If China chooses to be democratic, media will be freer and it is disadvantageous to Chinese government. There will be higher possibility of Tibet and Jinxing to be independent and Chinese government obviously do not want that. It can be concluded that authoritarianism in China might be a necessary evil. China may be democratic in the long run When we consider the Communist Party firm grip on power, demagnification may not occur in near future.However, As I mentioned earlier, rise in average income result in increase of people wanting democracy. It can be expected that Chinese people will want democracy more as average income rises, as time passes. Also, as Chinese become more affluent, they will travel or study at developed countries which have democracy and learn benefits of democracy. They may want democracy back at home. 989 Chinese Democracy Movement 2011 and Chinese pro-democracy protests show that some Chinese already want democracy.In the long run, as time passes, Chinese government might be unable to maintain current authoritarian policies of government as there will be stronger demands for democracy from its citizens and there will be larger-sca le demonstrations for democracy. It may needs to continuously make more democratic political reforms such as giving citizens more freedom of speech, or loosening censorship on media and the internet, allowing Chinese citizens' access to websites such as Backbone, Google and Youth. Conclusion Democracy has been accompanied with capitalism and free market in many countries.

Drama & horror Essay

Dickens gives more drama/horror to what the convict is saying by telling Pip he can ‘attempt to hide’ from the young man. He tells Pip he can ‘lock the door’, ‘be warm in bed’, ‘think himself comfortable and safe’, but the young man will find him and ‘tear him open’. Dickens uses words such as ‘safe’ and ‘warm’ to create a comforting mood to the reader and to Pip, which accentuates the drama and violence of the end ‘tear him open. ‘ This terrifies Pip as the convict makes it seem that the small boy cannot even be safe in his own home/familiar surroundings. The phrase â€Å"I am keeping that man from harming you at the present moment, with great difficulty,† makes the atmosphere even more erie as it sounds as if the man is so vicious it is hard to hold him back. In the next part of the story Dickens describes Pip watching the convict leaving the churchyard. Again we see a description of this horrible bleak place (i. e. ‘Among the nettles’ – ugly, harmful plants and ‘among the brambles’ – thorns, sharp, portraying the landscape). However this time we see how the surrounding’s depression have had an effect on the convict. For the first time we see a more hurt and vulnerable side of the convict. Pip describes him as hugging his ‘shuddering body’, ‘as if to hold himself together’, making the convict seem dishevelled and is if he is falling apart. He is also obviously feeling pain and loneliness, along with Pip and their environment. Next, dickens creates an extreme atmosphere of Pip being in a terrifying and hostile place with the description of ‘he looked in my young eyes as if he were eluding the hands of dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in†. This graphic and scary description coming from a young boy suggests Pip also has been affected by his hostile surroundings. It also gives a sense that the convict is close to death (being dragged into graves). In the last section of the chapter, dickens creates a very dramatic visual image of Pip looking out at his surroundings. Dickens creates a striking vision of hell by describing Pip seeing the marshes as ‘a long black horizontal line’, then the rivers as another, ‘yet not nearly so broad, yet not so black’ and then the sky as ‘just a row of long angry red lines and dense black lines intermixed. ‘ The descriptions of the colours red and black portray the vision of hell as the black represents death and the red blood/danger, these are colours often associated with pain, death and hell. Dickens describes the lines as ‘angry’, also suggesting the atmosphere is uneasy and volatile (like hell). Dickens adds to the drama of the description by adding the image of the gibbet (associated with death). We can see how Pip must be frightened as we can relate to the horror of this well-decorated/descripted image. We also see Pip having a childlike imagination, when he pictures the convict being a dead pirate to which the chains on the gibbet ‘had once held’. The chapter ends on an uneasy note, with Pip announcing his fear (‘Now I was frightened again’), bringing a sense of reality to the chapter, then him ‘running home without stopping’. This leaves the chapter full of mystery and encourages readers to find out what happens to Pip.

Contract Act 1872

Legal Aspects Of Business – Indian Contracts Act 1872 Indian Contract Act 1872 is the main source of law regulating contracts in Indian law. CitationAct No. 9 of 1872 Enacted byParliament of India Date enacted25 April 1872 Date commenced1 September 1872 The law relating to contracts in India is contained in Indian Contract Act, 1872. The Act was passed by British India and is based on the principles of English Common Law. It is applicable to the All States of India except the State of Jammu & Kashmir. It determines the circumstances in which promise made by the parties to a contract shall be legally binding on them.All of us enter into a number of contracts everyday knowingly or unknowingly. Each contract creates some right and duties upon the contracting parties. Indian contract deals with the enforcement of these rights and duties upon the parties in India. History The Indian Contract Act came into force on 1 September 1872. It Was Enacted Mainly With a View To ensure Reason able Fulfillment of Expectation Created By the promises of the parties and also enforcement of obligations prescribed by an agreement between the parties.The Third Law commission of British India formed in 1861 under the stewardship of chairman Sir John Romilly, with initial members as Sir Edward Ryan, R. Lowe, J. M. Macleod, Sir W. Erle (succeeded by Sir. W. M. James) and Justice Wills (succeeded by J. Henderson), had presented the report on contract law for India as Draft Contract Law (1866). The Draft Law was enacted as The Act 9 of 1872 on 25 April 1872 and the Indian Contract Act, 1872 came into force with effect from 1 September 1872. Before the enactment of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, there was no codified law for contract in India.In the Presidency Towns of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta law relating to contract was dealt with the Charter granted in 1726 by King George I to the East India Company. Thereafter in 1781, in the Presidency Towns, Act of Settlement passed by the B ritish Government came into force. Act of Settlement required the Supreme Court of India that questions of inheritance and succession and all matters of contract and dealing between party and party should be determined in case of Hindu as per Hindu law and in case of Muslim as per Muslim law and when parties to a suit belonged to different persuasions, then the law of the defendant was to apply.In outside Presidency Towns matters with regard to contract was mainly dealt with English Contract Laws; the principle of justice, equity and good conscience was followed. Development The Act as enacted originally had 266 Sections, it had wide scope and included. General Principles of Law of Contract::::::::: 1 to 75 Contract relating to Sale of Goods::::::::::::76 to 129 Special kinds of Contracts (includes indemnity, guarantee, bailment & pledge:::::::::::::::::125 to 238 Contracts relating to Partnership::::::::::::239 to 266 Indian Contract Act embodied the simple and elementary rules rel ating to Sale of goods and partnership. The developments of modern business world found the provisions contained in the Indian Contract Act inadequate to deal with the new regulations or give effect to the new principles. Subsequently the provisions relating to the sale of goods and partnership contained in the Indian Contract Act were repealed respectively in the year 1930 and 1932 and new enactments namely Sale of Goods and Movables Act 1930 and Indian Partnership act 1932 were re-enacted. At present the Indian Contract Act includes:General Principles of Law of Contract:::::: 1 to 75 Special kinds of Contracts (includes indemnity, guarantee, bailment & pledge::::::::::::::::::::::::::125 to 238 Definition Section 2(h) of the Act defines the term contract as â€Å"any agreement enforceable by law†. There are two essentials of this act, agreement and enforceability. Section 2(e) defines agreement as â€Å"every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other. † Again Section 2(b) defines promise in these words: â€Å"when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent there to, the proposal is aid to be accepted. Proposal when accepted, becomes a promise. † And other words Say Agreement is Sum of all contract are agreement, but all agreement are not contract.. ?CONTRACT=AGREEMENT+ENFORCEABLE BY LAW( LAW) Essential Elements of a Valid Contract According to Section 10, â€Å"All agreements are contracts, if they are made by the free consent of the parties, competent to contract, for a lawful consideration with a lawful object, and not hereby expressly to be void. † Essential Elements of a Valid Contract are: 1.Proper offer and proper acceptance. there must be an agreement based on a lawful offer made by person to another and lawful acceptance of that offer made by the latter. section 3 to 9 of the contract act, 1872 lay down the rules for making valid acceptance 2. Lawful consideration: An agr eement to form a valid contract should be supported by consideration. Consideration means â€Å"something in return† (quid pro quo). It can be cash, kind, an act or abstinence. It can be past, present or future. However, consideration should be real and lawful. 3.Competent to contract or capacity: In order to make a valid contract the parties to it must be competent to be contracted. According to section 11 of the Contract Act, a person is considered to be competent to contract if he satisfies the following criterion: The person has reached the age of maturity. The person is of sound mind. The person is not disqualified from contracting by any law. 4. Free Consent: To constitute a valid contract there must be free and genuine consent of the parties to the contract. It should not be obtained by misrepresentation, fraud, coercion, undue influence or mistake. . Lawful Object and Agreement: The object of the agreement must not be illegal or unlawful. 6. Agreement not declared voi d or illegal: Agreements which have been expressly declared void or illegal by law are not enforceable at law; hence they do not constitute a valid contract. 7. Intention To Create Legal Relationships:- when the two parties enter in to an agreement,there must be intention to create a legal relationship between them †¦ if there is no such intention on the part of the parties .. there is no contract between them .. greements of a social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relationship;as such they are not contracts. 8. Certainty, Possibility Of Performance 9. Legal Formalities 10. By surety Types of contracts On the basis of validity: 1. Valid contract: An agreement which has all the essential elements of a contract is called a valid contract. A valid contract can be enforced by law. 2. Void contract[Section 2(g)]: A void contract is a contract which ceases to be enforceable by law. A contract when originally entered into may be valid and binding on the parties. It may su bsequently become void. There are many judgments which have stated that where any crime has been converted into a â€Å"Source of Profit† or if any act to be done under any contract is opposed to â€Å"Public Policy† under any contract—than that contract itself cannot be enforced under the law- 3. Voidable contract[Section 2(i)]: An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of other or others, is a voidable contract. If the essential element of free consent is missing in a contract, the law confers right on the aggrieved party either to reject the contract or to accept it.However, the contract continues to be good and enforceable unless it is repudiated by the aggrieved party. 4. Illegal contract: A contract is illegal if it is forbidden by law; or is of such nature that, if permitted, would defeat the provisions of any law or is fraudulent; or involves or implies injury to a person or proper ty of another, or court regards it as immoral or opposed to public policy. These agreements are punishable by law. These are void-ab-initio. â€Å"All illegal agreements are void agreements but all void agreements are not illegal. † 5.Unenforceable contract: Where a contract is good in substance but because of some technical defect cannot be enforced by law is called unenforceable contract. These contracts are neither void nor voidable. On the basis of formation: 1. Express contract: Where the terms of the contract are expressly agreed upon in words (written or spoken) at the time of formation, the contract is said to be express contract. 2. Implied contract: An implied contract is one which is inferred from the acts or conduct of the parties or from the circumstances of the cases.Where a proposal or acceptance is made otherwise than in words, promise is said to be implied. 3. Quasi contract: A quasi contract is created by law. Thus, quasi contracts are strictly not contracts as there is no intention of parties to enter into a contract. It is legal obligation which is imposed on a party who is required to perform it. A quasi contract is based on the principle that a person shall not be allowed to enrich himself at the expense of another. On the basis of performance: 1. Executed contract: An executed contract is one in which both the parties have performed their respective obligation. . Executory contract: An executory contract is one where one or both the parties to the contract have still to perform their obligations in future. Thus, a contract which is partially performed or wholly unperformed is termed as executory contract. 3. Unilateral contract: A unilateral contract is one in which only one party has to perform his obligation at the time of the formation of the contract, the other party having fulfilled his obligation at the time of the contract or before the contract comes into existence. 4.Bilateral contract: A bilateral contract is one in whic h the obligation on both the parties to the contract is outstanding at the time of the formation of the contract. Bilateral contracts are also known as contracts with executory consideration. Offer Proposal is defined under section 2(a) of the Indian contract Act, 1872 as â€Å"when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything with a view to obtain the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal/offer†. Thus, for a valid offer,the party making it must express his willingness to do or not to do something.But mere expression of willingness does not constitute an offer. An offer should be made to obtain the assent of the other. The offer should be communicated to the offeree and it should not contain a term the non compliance of which would amount to acceptance. Classification of Offer 1. General Offer: Which is made to public in general. 2. Special Offer: Which is made to a definite person. 3. Cross Of fer: Exchange of identical offer in ignorance of each other. 4. Counter Offer: Modification and Variation of Original offer. 5. Standing, Open or Continuing Offer: Which is open for a specific period of time.The offer must be distinguished from an invitation to offer. Invitation to offer â€Å"An invitation to offer† is only a circulation of an invitation to make an offer, it is an attempt to induce offers and precedes a definite offer. Acceptance of an invitation to an offer does not result in formation of a contract and only an offer emerges in the process of negotiation. A statement made by a person who does not intend to bound by it but, intends to further act, is an invitation to offer. Acceptance According to Section 2(b), â€Å"When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. Rules: 1. Acceptance must be absolute and unqualified. 2. Communicated to offeror. 3. Acceptance must be in the mode prescribed. 4. Acceptance must be given within a reasonable time before the offer lapses. 5. Acceptance by the way of conduct. 6. Mere silence is no acceptance. Silence does not per-se amounts to communication- Bank of India Ltd. Vs. Rustom Cowasjee- AIR 1955 Bom. 419 at P. 430; 57 Bom. L. R. 850- Mere silence cannot amount to any assent. It does not even amount to any representation on which any plea of estoppel may be founded, unless there is a duty to make some statement or to do some act 7. ffree and offerer must be consent Lawful consideration According to Section 2(d), Consideration is defined as: â€Å"When at the desire of the promisor, the promisee has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or abstain something, such an act or abstinence or promise is called consideration for the promise. â€Å"Consideration† means to do something in return. In short, Consideration means quid pro quo i. e. something in return. An agreement must be supported by a lawful consideration on both sides. The consideration or object of an agreement is lawful, unless and until it is: forbidden by law, or s of such nature that, if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law, or is fraudulent, or involves or implies injury to the person or property of another, or the court regards it as immoral, or opposed to public policy. consideration may take in any form-money,goods, services, a promise to marry, a promise to forbear etc. Contract Opposed to Public Policy can be Repudiated by the Court of law even if that contract is beneficial for all of the parties to the contract- What considerations and objects are lawful and what not-Newar Marble Industries Pvt.Ltd. Vs. Rajasthan State Electricity Board, Jaipur, 1993 Cr. L. J. 1191 at 1197, 1198 [Raj. ]- Agreement of which object or consideration was opposed to public policy, unlawful and void- – What better and what more can be an admission of the fact that the consideration or object o f the compounding agreement was abstention by the board from criminally prosecuting the petitioner-company from offence under Section 39 of the act and that the Board has converted the crime into a source of profit or benefit to itself.This consideration or object is clearly opposed to public policy and hence the compounding agreement is unlawful and void under Section 23 of the Act. It is unenforceable as against the Petitioner-Company. Competent to contract Section 11 of The Indian Contract Act specifies that every person is competent to contract provided: 1. He should not be a minor i. e. an individual who has not attained the age of majority i. e. 18 years. 2. He should be of sound mind while making a contract. A person with unsound mind cannot make a contract. 3. He is not a person who has been personally disqualified by law. 4. not pardanashin women.Free Consent According to Section 14, † two or more persons are said to be consented when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense (Consensus-ad-idem). A consent is said to be free when it is not caused by coercion or undue influence or fraud or misrepresentation or mistake. Elements Vitiating free Consent 1. Coercion (Section 15): â€Å"Coercion† is the committing, or threatening to commit, any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code under(45,1860), or the unlawful detaining, or threatening to detain, any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. . Undue influence (Section 16): â€Å"Where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another enters into a contract with him and the transaction appears on the face of it, or on the evidence, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that such contract was not induced by undue influence shall lie upon the person in the position to dominate the will of the other. † 3.Fraud (Section 17): â€Å"Fraud† means and includes any act or concealment o f material fact or misrepresentation made knowingly by a party to a contract, or with his connivance, or by his agent, with intent to deceive another party thereto of his agent, or to induce him to enter into the contract. 4. Misrepresentation (Section 18): † causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement†. 5.Mistake of fact (Section 20): â€Å"Where both the parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void†. Performance Of Contracts The promise under a contract can be performed, as the circumstances may permit, by the promisor himself, or by his agent or his legal representative. 1. Promisor himself: â€Å"The contracts which involve the exercise of personal skill must be performed by the promisor himself. 2. Agent: â€Å"Where personal skill is not required, the promisor may appoint his agent to perf orm it. . Representatives: â€Å"On the death of the promisor, the legal heirs of the promisor must perform the contract unless a contrary intention appears in the contract. (section 37) 4. Third persons: â€Å"When a promisee accepts performance from a third person, he cannot afterwards enforce it against promisor†. 5. Joint promisors: â€Å"When two or more persons have made a joint promise, all such persons must jointly fulfil the promise, unless a contrary intention appears from it†. AgencyIn law, the relationship that exists when one person or party (the principal) engages another (the agent) to act for him, e. g. to do his work, to sell his goods, to manage his business. The law of agency thus governs the legal relationship in which the agent deals with a third party on behalf of the principal. The competent agent is legally capable of acting for this principal vis-a-vis the third party. Hence, the process of concluding a contract through an agent involves a two fold relationship.On the one hand, the law of agency is concerned with the external business relations of an economic unit and with the powers of the various representatives to affect the legal position of the principal. On the other hand, it rules the internal relationship between principal and agent as well, thereby imposing certain duties on the representative (diligence, accounting, good faith, etc. ). Under section 201 to 210 an agency may come to an end in a variety of ways: (i) By the principal revoking the agency – However, principal cannot revoke an agency coupled with interest to the prejudice of such interest.Such Agency is coupled with interest. An agency is coupled with interest when the agent himself has an interest in the subject-matter of the agency, e. g. , where the goods are consigned by an upcountry constituent to a commission agent for sale, with poor to recoup himself from the sale proceeds, the advances made by him to the principal against the security of the goods; in such a case, the principal cannot revoke the agent’s authority till the goods are actually sold, nor is the agency terminated by death or insanity. Illustrations to section 201) (ii) By the agent renouncing the business of agency; (iii) By the business of agency being completed; (iv) By the principal being adjudicated insolvent (Section 201 of The Indian Contract Act. 1872) The principal also cannot revoke the agent’s authority after it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal (Section 204), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised (Sec 203).Further, as per section 205, if the agency is for a fixed period, the principal cannot terminate the agency before the time expired, except for sufficient cause. If he does, he is liable to compensate the agent for the loss caused to him thereby. The same rules apply where the agent, renounces an agency for a fixed period. Notice in this connection that want of skill con tinuous disobedience of lawful orders, and rude or insulting behavior has been held to be sufficient cause for dismissal of an agent.Further, reasonable notice has to be given by one party to the other; otherwise, damage resulting from want of such notice, will have to be paid (Section 206). As per section 207, the revocation or renunciation of an agency may be made expressly or impliedly by conduct. The termination does not take effect as regards the agent, till it becomes known to him and as regards third party, till the termination is known to them (Section 208). When an agent’s authority is terminated, it operates as a termination of subagent also. (Section 210)